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1
New Testament Survey
Pauline Epistles<= br> Week  7
Romans 1 – 8
Justification
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2
Romans
Justification by Faith alone= in Christ Alone
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3
Romans
lAuthor
<= span style=3D'font-size:85%'>lRomans 1:1 clearly states that the writer is Paul
<= span style=3D'font-size:85%'>lTertius was probab= ly Paul’s scribe (amanuensis)
lPurpose
<= span style=3D'font-size:85%'>lTo meet the needs = of the immediate readers….
<= span style=3D'font-size:91%'>lTo clarify the fundamental Christian principle of ‘righteousness’ as contrasted with = the Jewish approach =
<= span style=3D'font-size:91%'>lTo clarify the problem of Israel’s failure and her relationship to the universal Christian Church.=
1) At an early stage in his missionary labors Paul recognized the importance of strategic centers for the propagation of the gospel. Jerusalem can be considered the first capitol of Christianity; Antioch in Syria, the secon= d; Ephesus the third and Rome, the metropolis of the world, was the obvious fourth choice.  Paul himself= did not plant the church, but he cherished it as part of his pastoral responsibility,

2) Who founded the church in Rome?  It is almost certain that no apostle was responsible for it.  Romans 15:20, Paul says that he = did not build on another man’s foundation, yet he seems to regard  the Roman church within the sphe= re of his responsibility.  Some cl= aim that Peter founded it, but this is rather suspicious because Peter was st= ill in Jerusalem at the time of the Council (AD 50) and it is almost certain = that a church existed in Rome prior to this time.

3) The epistle of Peter makes no reference to the church in Rome.  It is difficult to imagine that = Paul would have written of the Roman church as he did if Peter had founded it.=   Further evidence is found in Acts 18:2,3 which implies that Priscilla and Aquila, who came from Rome, were already Christians when they arrived at Corinth and became companions of Paul.

4) Paul’s purpose in writing a letter to this predominantly Gentile congregation (1:5, 6, 13; 11:13; 15:15) may have been to pave the way for= his intended visit, and also to give a clear and full exposition of his gospe= l, in view of the fact that Rome was destined to be a strategic center.  Accordingly, we find that in this epistle the doctrine of salvation by sovereign grace – justificatio= n by faith apart from the works of the law – is set out in great detail.  Questions and objec= tions are answered, and the glorious fruits of justification in the life of the believer are brought to light.

5)  The Epistle was probably carried= to Rome by Phoebe (Rom 16:1)
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External Evidence
lPatristic Writer= s
<= span class=3DB1B style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.65%;top:.39em'>lIgna= tius
<= span class=3DB1B style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.65%;top:.39em'>lPoly= carp
<= span class=3DB1B style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.65%;top:.39em'>lJust= in Martyr
<= span class=3DB1B style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.65%;top:.39em'>lIren= aeus
lMuratorian fragment
lMarcion
The ancient writers regularly included Romans in their list of authentic documents. Marcion, the Muratorian fragment, and a steady stream of patri= stic writers beginning with Ignatius, Polycarp, Justin Martyr, and Irenaeus all assume its Pauline authorship without defense.
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l<= /span>Date of Writing:
lProba= bly written from Corinth sometime between 57 - 58 AD. <= /span>
lThis= was at the end of Paul’s 3rd Missionary Journey
lThis= letter preceded Paul’s visit to Rome (Rom. 15:25-28)
lOccasion and Purpose of Writing:
<= span class=3DB1B style=3D'position:absolute;left:-5.08%;top:.39em'>lAnno= unces his impending visit to Rome
lTo c= larify the relationship of Judaism to Christianity (Rom. 1:16, 9-11)
l
1) Date:  Working from the time of Gallio’s appointment to the proconsular office at Corinth, it is possible to calculate that Paul’s departure from Corinth on his thi= rd missionary journey en route for Jerusalem took place either in AD = 57 or 58.
2) Occasion:
a.Paul had been intending to visit the chur= ch but had been prevented (Rom 15.20).  His purpose was to preach the gospel among them and to impart some spiritual gift (Rom 1:11,15)
b.He had just completed his collection for = the poverty-stricken believers at Jerusalem (15:22ff), after having preached = the gospel throughout the district from Jerusalem to Illyricum.  He is determined to get to Jerus= alem.  This seems to identify the occas= ion with Acts 20:1ff, and date the Epistle in the year after Paul left Ephesu= s on the third missionary journey.  It may there be confidently concluded that Paul was in Greece at the time of writing.
c.This is confirmed by the commendation of = Pheobe (16:1,2) who belonged to the church at Cenchreae, the port of Corinth; the greeting of Gaius (16:23), Paul’s host at the time, who may possibl= y be identified with the Corinthian whom Paul mentions in 1 Cor. 1:14; the greeting of Erastus, who held the important post of city treasurer (16:23) and who may possibly be identified with the man of the same name (who was left at Corinth) as mentioned in 2 Timothy 4:20.  Also, the mention of Timothy and Sopater who sent greetings, since these were Paul’s companions when= he left Greece on his last journey to Jerusalem.
d.Paul’s future missionary plans are = directed towards work in Spain (15:24, 28) and he hopes to gain the favor and supp= ort of the Roman Christians for this effort.

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The Book of Romans
Its Characteristics
lTheological Depth
lRedemptive Themes
lTotal Depravity
lJustification by Faith
lOriginal Sin
lUnconditional Election
lPerseverance of the Saints
lWork of Christ
lSanctification by the Holy Spirit
lVocabulary
lSin, wrath, death, Law, righteousness, justify, reckon, faith, believe, life, hope, body, flesh, spirit, gospel, salvatio= n, circumcision, Jew, etc.
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lUse of Old Testament Scriptures
<= span style=3D'font-size:85%'>lLaw
<= span style=3D'font-size:91%'>lRom. 2:12-16; 3:27= -31; 5:20-21; and 7:1-8:4
<= span style=3D'font-size:85%'>lSin
<= span style=3D'font-size:91%'>lRom. 1:18-2:5; 3:2= 3, 25
<= span style=3D'font-size:85%'>lFaith <= /span>
<= span style=3D'font-size:91%'>lRom. 1:16-17; 3:21= ff; 5:1ff
lValue
<= span style=3D'font-size:85%'>lRaises issues <= /b>relevant today
<= span style=3D'font-size:85%'>lVast amount of material on Christian life&= #13;
<= span style=3D'font-size:85%'>lFills in where = other letters lack:
lSin, Work of Chris= t, The State, Antinomianism
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Romans – Outline
=
=
= I.1:1-8:39 – Revelation of the Righteousness of God
•    A.  1:1-3:20 – Condemnation:  Ne= ed for God’s Righteousness
•    B.  3:21-5:21 – Justification:   Inspiration of God’s Righteousness
•    C.  6:1-8:39 – Sanctification:  Demonstration of God’s Righteousness
•
•= II. 9:1-11:36 – Vindication of the Righteousness of God
•   A.  9:1-9:29 – Israel’s Past:  Election
•    B.  9:30-10:21 – Israel’s Present:  Rejection
•    C.  11:1-11:36 – Israel’s Future:  Restoration
•
•= III. 12:1-16:27 – Application of the Righteousness of <= /b>God
•   A.  12:1-13:14 – Christian Duties
•    B.  14:1-16:27 – Christian Libe= rties
Paul begins as with most of his letters with:
INTRODUCTION (1:1-15)
1.Greeting (1:1-7)
   This is a more formal greet= ing than in most of his letters and brings out more clearly the commission to preach the gospel which had been entrusted to him by God.  He summarizes the content of the gospel and the divine origin of his apostleship.
2. Paul’s relation to the Roman Church (1:8-15)
   Paul expresses his main desire:  to preach the gospe= l at Rome.  He encourages the chu= rch in Roman as he had heard good reports of them and expresses his desire to vi= sit them so they might be mutually encouraged.

DOCTRINAL EXPOSITION (1:16 – 8:39)
1.Statement of the theme (1:16, 17)
   Righteousness obtained by f= aith.
2. Evidence of the need for righteousness (1:18 – 3:20)=
   Paul begins by demonstratin= g that all sections of mankind are under a sentence of condemnation before God.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>  The Gentile and the Jews.  The Gentiles for idolatry; the J= ews for self-righteousness.  Whe= ther man disobeys the voice of conscience (Gentiles) or the voice of special revelation (Jews), it is still disobedience and it involves guilt.  Special privilege does not grant immunity to the Jewish offenders (2:1 – 3:8).  The conclusion reached is that n= one, neither Gentile nor Jew, is righteous and this is supported by an appeal = to Scripture, to the very revelation entrusted to the Jews.  Their own writings condemn them (3:9-20).
3. The Divine method of meeting the need (3:21 – 5:21)
   Paul shows that the need is universal and then considers God’s answer to that need.
a.Righteousness is attained only by faith i= n God, who has provided a propitiatory sacrifice in Christ, on the basis of which pardon is freely granted and man is justified.  This is the doctrinal key to the entire epistle (3:21 – 26)
b.Since God is the originator of this salva= tion, there is no ground for boasting.  (3:27-31)
c.Abrahams justification was not by works, = but was reckoned to him on the basis of his trust in God.  The promise was given to him bef= ore his circumcision .  Abraham&= #8217;s faith was the ground of his justification (Rom 4)
d.The blessings associated with justificati= on:  peace, joy, perseverance, hope a= re experienced by the righteous in Christ because of the indwelling Spirit w= ho makes them aware of the greatness of God’s love in providing reconciliation through the death of Christ (5:1-11)
e.God’s free gift to mankind is illus= trated by a comparison between Adam and Christ.=   The universality of sin through the first Adam is outmatched by the abundance of grace through the second. (5:12-21)
3.The Application of righteousness to Individual Life (6 1 – 8:39)
How does justification affect conduct:
a.Through the symbolism of baptism, Paul sh= ows that the believer, through union with Christ, dies to sin and rises to a resurrection life.  This mea= ns a new approach to sin.  Those = who have been freed from the slavery of sin have in fact become slaves of God, committing themselves to His service (6:15 – 23)
b.Using an illustration from the marriage l= aws, Paul shows that the old bond to the law is dissolved, leaving the believer free for a new union – to Christ Himself in a life of loving service (7:1 – 6)
c.Can the law assist in subduing the sinful nature?  Paul answers this w= ith an emphatic negative by citing his experience under the law.  It resulted only in inner confli= ct, from which Christ alone could deliver (7:7-25)
d.The Christian is called to a new kind of = life energized by the Spirit who wages war against the flesh (8:1-13)
e.With this new life comes a new status:  sons through adoption.  We are joint heirs with Christ (8:14-17)
f.Redemption is so encompassing and compreh= ensive that it envelops the material creation. (8:18-25)
g.Life in the Spirit is not confined to a f= uture hope, it provides present help through the Spirit’s intercession (8:26,27) and through security and blessing which abound to those who love God (8:28-39(

Historical problem (9:1 – 11:36)

Practical Exhortations (12:1 – 15:13)

It’s here that we want to look at your analysis and diagrams…..

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The Work of Christ: Justification
Notes from Ladd=
lImportance of the Doctrine = of Justification
lJustification is Eschatological=
<= span class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.86%;top:.39em'>lJusti= fication is Forensic
<= span class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.86%;top:.39em'>lThe <= u>Ground for Justification
<= span class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.86%;top:.39em'>lThe <= u>Means of Justification
<= span class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.68%;top:.39em'>lJusti= fication and Subsequent Sins
<= span class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.86%;top:.39em'>lIm= putation
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Importance of the
Doctrine of Justification
lJustification is b= eing declared righteous
<= span style=3D'font-size:85%'>lJustification is <= /span>not being made righteous
lRighteousness invo= lves conformity to a norm
lRighteousness invo= lves a relationship
<= span style=3D'font-size:85%'>lThe relationship in question is that of God & Man&= #13;
<= span style=3D'font-size:85%'>l2 Cor. 9:9 –= Paul uses righteousness as an ethical quality, but does so in reference to God pr= oper.
<= span style=3D'font-size:85%'>lIf righteousness i= s not ethical (through man’s behavior), then, it is forensic (through God’s formal legal argument to declare man right.=
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Justification is Eschatological
<= span style=3D'font-size:87%'>lThe verdict (of man’s righteousness or unrighteousness) will be rendered only at final judgment.  Matt. 12:36-37
<= span style=3D'font-size:87%'>lPaul shares this G= ospel perspective. Gal. 5:5
l<= /span>Paul’s view of this is opposed to Judaism
lPaul intimates that future eschatological justifi= cation has already taken place= :
<= span style=3D'font-size:91%'>lRomans 5:1, 5:9, a= nd I Cor. 6:11
l“The Age = to Come has reached back into the present to bring “soteric blessings” to human beings.”  Lad= d
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Paul’s Eschatology is
Christ’s Eschatology
lKingdom of future is present now
lEternal life of future may be lived now
lUltimate resurrection is preceded by a resurr= ection to newness of life  now <= /span>
lSpiritual bless= ings of the future are realized as spiritual blessings, even now
<= span style=3D'font-size:87%'>lThe final judgment has essentially become a present experience with a promise of future fulfillment
<= span style=3D'font-size:87%;visibility:hidden'>l
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Justification is Forensic
<= span style=3D'font-size:87%'>lForensic:  formal legal argumentation
<= span style=3D'font-size:85%'>lOne is rig= hteous whom the judge declares= so
<= span style=3D'font-size:85%'>lJudges acquit the innocent, condemn the guilty
<= span style=3D'font-size:85%'>lGod is pictured as= a judge of human beings
<= span style=3D'font-size:91%'>lPsalms 9:4, 33:5, = and Jeremiah 11:20
l
<= span style=3D'font-size:87%'>l“Forensic means that God is conceived as the ruler, lawgiver, and judge and <= /span>justification is the declaration of the judge that a person is righteous.”  Lad= d
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Opposition to Forensic Justification
lSanday and Headlam
<= span style=3D'font-size:85%'>lPerson accounted righteous, in fact still ungodly&#= 13;
<= span style=3D'font-size:85%'>lImplies that ethical righteousness is not passed
lVincent Taylor
<= span style=3D'font-size:85%'>lThrough Christ man= gains a righteous mind
<= span style=3D'font-size:85%'>lSuggests that ethical righteousness is passed
lNorman Snaith
<= span style=3D'font-size:85%'>lJustification has = no link to righteousness or salvation
<= span style=3D'font-size:85%'>lProbably looking a= t ethical righteousness not forensic
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The Ground of Justification
lThe Ground of justification is not obedience to the Law:
<= span style=3D'font-size:85%'>lRom 3:20 – <= /span>inability to achieve perfect obedience
<= span style=3D'font-size:85%'>lRom. 7:7-12 –= ; true intent of the Law (conviction<= /span>)
l<= /span>The Ground of justification is not:&#= 13;
<= span style=3D'font-size:85%'>lMan’s works
<= span style=3D'font-size:85%'>lMan’s faith
<= span style=3D'font-size:85%'>lNot the work of Ch= rist in us (subjectively)
l<= /span>The Ground of justification is: =
<= span style=3D'font-size:85%'>lThe death of Christ (Rom. 5:9)
<= span style=3D'font-size:85%'>lWhat Christ has do= ne for us (objectively)
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Christ’s Death & God’s Love
<= span style=3D'font-size:87%'>lChrist’s Death
<= span style=3D'font-size:85%'>lWas not merited by Him (He was sinless)
<= span style=3D'font-size:85%'>lWas a voluntary forensic experience
<= span style=3D'font-size:87%'>lGod’s righteousness would remain valid, even if He condemned each sinner to death
<= span style=3D'font-size:87%'>lBy God’s gra= ce, mercy and love shown throu= gh the death of Christ, God vi= ndicates sinners and = delivers them from doom.
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The Means of Justification
lFaith is the = means by which justification becomes effective for the individual= .
lJustification is a= gift b= estowed to be received by fa= ith (Rom. 3:24-25)
lFaith is the way to accept this work of God in Christ.
lRom. 3:28 – = Man is justified by faith, not works
<= span style=3D'font-size:87%'>l“It means= the relinquishing of any effort to justify oneself and a complete reliance on the work of God in one’s behalf.”  Lad= d
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Justification
and Subsequent Sins
lThere is an appearance that there is sin before and after= justification.&n= bsp; Not so . . The solution =3D the eschatological character of Justification.
lRemember the eschatological character of justification:
<= span style=3D'font-size:85%'>lJustification does= not occur at belief
<= span style=3D'font-size:85%'>lJustification is the final judgment that is in Christ a future fulfillment and a present reality.
<= span style=3D'font-size:85%'>lSo believers are justified from all guilt – before the time of belief and after.
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I m p u t a t i o n
<= span class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.34%;top:.39em'>lImput= ation of righteousness is never expressly stated in Scripture.
<= span class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.86%;top:.39em'>lRom. = 4:3 – Faith was reckoned as righteousness
lSome= take this to mean:  faith is a meritorious achievement.  Not so.
lRigh= teousness is reckoned entirely apart from human merit.
<= span class=3DB1B style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.8%;top:.39em'>l2 Cor= . 5:21 – “In Him we might become the righteousness of God.” (Forensic, not ethical)
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‹header›
‹date/time›=
Click to edit Master text styles
Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level
‹footer›
‹#›
1) At an early stage in his miss= ionary labors Paul recognized the importance of strategic centers for the propaga= tion of the gospel. Jerusalem can be considered the first capitol of Christiani= ty; Antioch in Syria, the second; Ephesus the third and Rome, the metropolis of the world, was the obvious fourth choice.=   Paul himself did not plant the church, but he cherished it as part = of his pastoral responsibility,
2) Who founded the church in Rome?  It is almost certain that no apos= tle was responsible for it.  Roma= ns 15:20, Paul says that he did not build on another man’s foundation, = yet he seems to regard  the Roman church within the sphere of his responsibility.  Some claim that Peter founded it,= but this is rather suspicious because Peter was still in Jerusalem at the time= of the Council (AD 50) and it is almost certain that a church existed in Rome prior to this time.
3) The epistle of Peter makes no reference to the church in Rome.  It is difficult to imagine that P= aul would have written of the Roman church as he did if Peter had founded it.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>  Further evidence is found in Acts 18:2,3 which implies that Priscilla and Aquila, who came from Rome, were already Christians when they arrived at Corinth and became companions of Paul.
4) Paul’s purpose in writing a letter to this predominantly Gentile congregation (1:5, 6, 13; 11:13; 15:15) may have been to pave the way for = his intended visit, and also to give a clear and full exposition of his gospel= , in view of the fact that Rome was destined to be a strategic center.  Accordingly, we find that in this epistle the doctrine of salvation by sovereign grace – justification= by faith apart from the works of the law – is set out in great detail.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>  Questions and objections are answ= ered, and the glorious fruits of justification in the life of the believer are brought to light.
5)  The Epistle was prob= ably carried to Rome by Phoebe (Rom 16:1)
The ancient writers regularly in= cluded Romans in their list of authentic documents. Marcion, the Muratorian fragm= ent, and a steady stream of patristic writers beginning with Ignatius, Polycarp, Justin Martyr, and Irenaeus all assume its Pauline authorship without defe= nse.
Paul begins as with most = of his letters with:
INTRODUCTION (1:1-15)&= #13;
1.Greeting (1:1-7) <= /div>
This is a more formal greeting than in most of his letters and brings out more clearly the commission to preach the gospel wh= ich had been entrusted to him by God.  He summarizes the content of the gospel and the divine origin of his apostleship.
2. Paul’s rel= ation to the Roman Church (1:8-15)
Paul expresses his main desire:  to preach the gospel at Rome.  He encourages the church in Roman= as he had heard good reports of them and expresses his desire to visit them so t= hey might be mutually encouraged.
DOCTRINAL EXPOSITION (= 1:16 – 8:39)
1.Statement of the theme (1:16, 17)
Righteousness obtained by faith.
2. Evidence of the = need for righteousness (1:18 – 3:20)
Paul begins by demonstrating that all sections of man= kind are under a sentence of condemnation before God.  The Gentile and the Jews.  The Gentiles for idolatry; the Je= ws for self-righteousness.  Whether = man disobeys the voice of conscience (Gentiles) or the voice of special revela= tion (Jews), it is still disobedience and it involves guilt.  Special privilege does not grant immunity to the Jewish offenders (2:1 – 3:8).  The conclusion reached is that no= ne, neither Gentile nor Jew, is righteous and this is supported by an appeal to Scripture, to the very revelation entrusted to the Jews.  Their own writings condemn them (3:9-20).
3. The Divine method of m= eeting the need (3:21 – 5:21)
Paul shows that the need is universal and then consid= ers God’s answer to that need.
a.Righteousness is attained only by faith in God, who has provided a propitiatory sacrifice in Christ, on the basis of which pardon is freely granted and man is justifie= d.  This is the doctrinal key to the = entire epistle (3:21 – 26)
b.Since God is the originator of this salvation, there is no ground for boasting.  (3:27-31)
c.Abrahams justifica= tion was not by works, but was reckoned to him on the basis of his trust in God.  The promise was given t= o him before his circumcision .  Abraham’s faith was the ground of his justification (Rom 4)&#= 13;
d.The blessings associated with justification:  peace, joy, perseverance, hope are experienced by the righteous in Christ because of the indwelling Spirit who makes them aware of the greatn= ess of God’s love in providing reconciliation through the death of Christ (5:1-11)
e.God’s free g= ift to mankind is illustrated by a comparison between Adam and Christ.  The universality of sin through t= he first Adam is outmatched by the abundance of grace through the second. (5:12-21)
3.The Application of righteousne= ss to Individual Life (6 1 – 8:39)
How does justification af= fect conduct:
a.Through the symbol= ism of baptism, Paul shows that the believer, through union with Christ, dies = to sin and rises to a resurrection life.&nbs= p; This means a new approach to sin.&= nbsp; Those who have been freed from the slavery of sin have in fact beco= me slaves of God, committing themselves to His service (6:15 – 23) =
b.Using an illustrat= ion from the marriage laws, Paul shows that the old bond to the law is dissolv= ed, leaving the believer free for a new union – to Christ Himself in a l= ife of loving service (7:1 – 6)
c.Can the law assist= in subduing the sinful nature?  = Paul answers this with an emphatic negative by citing his experience under the law.  It resulted only in inn= er conflict, from which Christ alone could deliver (7:7-25)
d.The Christian is called to a new kind of life energized by the Spirit who wages war against= the flesh (8:1-13)
e.With this new life comes a new status:  sons thr= ough adoption.  We are joint heirs= with Christ (8:14-17)
f.Redemption is so encompassing and comprehensive that it envelops the material creation. (8:18-25)
g.Life in the Spirit= is not confined to a future hope, it provides present help through the Spirit’s intercession (8:26,27) and through security and blessing wh= ich abound to those who love God (8:28-39(
h.
Historical problem (9:1 – 11:36)
Practical Exhortations= (12:1 – 15:13)
It’s here that w= e want to look at your analysis and diagrams…..
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g_scaleHyperlinks=3D(document.all.tags("AREA").length>0) if( g_scaleHyperlinks ) InitHLinkArray() if( g_scaleInFrame||(IsWin("PPTSld") && parent.IsFullScrMode() ) ) document.body.scroll=3D"no" _RSW() if( IsWin("PPTSld") && parent.IsFullScrMode() ) FullScrInit(); =09 MakeSldVis(); ChkAutoAdv() if( runAnimations ) { if( document.all("NSPlay") ) document.all("NSPlay").autoStart =3D false; if( sld.filters && sld.filters.revealtrans ) setTimeout( "document.body.start()", sld.filters.revealtrans.duration * = 1000 ); else document.body.start(); } } function MakeSldVis()=20 { var fTrans=3Dg_showAnimation && SldHasTrans() if( fTrans )=09 { if( g_bgSound ) { idx=3Dg_bgSound.indexOf(","); pptSound.src=3Dg_bgSound.substr( 0, idx ); pptSound.loop=3D -(parseInt(g_bgSound.substr(idx+1))); } SlideObj.filters.revealtrans.Apply()=09 } SlideObj.style.visibility=3D"visible" if( fTrans ) SlideObj.filters.revealtrans.Play() } function MakeNotesVis()=20 { if( !IsNts() ) return false=20 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=3D document.all.tags("seq"); if( collSeq !=3D null ) { for(ii=3D0;ii numSlds ) gSldJumpIdx =3D numSlds; if ( gSldJumpIdx >=3D 0 ) { if ( gSldJumpIdx =3D=3D 0 ) gSldJumpIdx =3D 1; var jumpTo =3D parseInt(gSldJumpIdx); gSldJump =3D 0; gSldJumpIdx =3D ""; win.GoToSld( parent.GetSldList().mList[jumpTo-1].mSldHref ) } } } function _KDH() { if( event.keyCode =3D=3D 8 ) { event.returnValue =3D 0; parent.GoToPrevSld(); } }function DocumentOnClick() { if( IsNts() || parent.HideMenu() ) return; if( ( g_allowAdvOnClick && (window.name=3D=3D"PPTSld") && !parent.IsFrames= Mode() ) || (event && event.keyCode=3D=3D32) ) { =09 if( g_animUseRuntime && g_animMainSequence && g_animMainSequence.cangonex= t ) return; parent.GoToNextSld(); } } var g_supportsPPTHTML =3D SupportsPPTHTML(), g_scaleInFrame =3D 1, gId=3D""= , g_bgSound=3D"", g_scaleHyperlinks =3D false, g_allowAdvOnClick =3D 1, g_showInBrowser = =3D 0, gLoopCont =3D 0, gUseSldTimings =3D 1; var g_showAnimation =3D g_supportsPPTHTML && SupportsPPTAnimation() && ( (w= indow.name=3D=3D"PPTSld" && !parent.IsFramesMode()) || g_showInBrowser );va= r g_animManager =3D null; var g_animUseRuntime =3D false; var g_animItemsToHide, g_animInteractiveItems, g_animSlideTime; var g_animMainSequence =3D null; var ENDSHOW_MESG=3D"End of slide show, click to exit.", SCREEN_MODE=3D"Fram= es", gIsEndShow=3D0, NUM_VIS_SLDS=3D19, SCRIPT_HREF=3D"script.js", FULLSCR_= HREF=3D"fullscreen.htm"; var gCurSld =3D gPrevSld =3D 1, g_offset =3D 0, gNtsOpen =3D gHasNts =3D gO= tlTxtExp =3D 0, gHasNarration =3D 0, gOtlOpen =3D true window.gPPTHTML=3DSupportsPPTHTML() var g_fBaseHyperlink =3D false; var gMainDoc=3Dnew Array(new hrefList("slide0162.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList(= "slide0163.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0026.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("= slide0284.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0027.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("s= lide0028.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0029.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("sl= ide0030.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0259.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("sli= de0243.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0244.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slid= e0245.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0246.htm",0,-1,1),new hrefList("slide= 0247.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0248.htm",0,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0= 249.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0250.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide02= 51.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0252.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide025= 3.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0173.htm",1,-1,1)); /********************************************* Frameset functions These functions control slide navigation and state of the frameset. **********************************************/ function RemoveFilePrefixFromHref(href) { var regExp =3D /^file:\/\/\//i; return href.replace(regExp, "") } function FullScrInit() { g_allowAdvOnClick =3D GetCurSld().mAdvOnClk document.body.style.backgroundColor=3D"black" document.oncontextmenu=3Dparent._CM; document.onkeydown =3D _KDH; document.ondragstart=3DCancel document.onselectstart=3DCancel self.focus() } function Redirect( frmId ) {=09 var str=3Ddocument.location.hash,idx=3Dstr.indexOf('#'), sId=3DGetSldId() if(idx>=3D0) str=3Dstr.substr(1); if( window.name !=3D frmId && ( sId !=3D str) ) { obj =3D GetObj("Main-File") window.location.href=3Dobj.href+"#"+sId return 1 } return 0 } var MHTMLPrefix =3D CalculateMHTMLPrefix();=20 function CalculateMHTMLPrefix() { if ( document.location.protocol =3D=3D 'mhtml:') {=20 href=3Dnew String(document.location.href)=20 Start=3Dhref.indexOf('!')+1=20 End=3Dhref.lastIndexOf('/')+1=20 if (End < Start)=20 return href.substring(0, Start)=20 else=20 return href.substring(0, End)=20 } return ''; } function GetTags(base,tag) { if(g_supportsPPTHTML) return base.all.tags(tag); else return base.getElementsByTagName(tag); } function UpdNtsPane(){ if(frames["PPTNts"]) PPTNts.location.replace( MHTMLP= refix+GetHrefObj( gCurSld ).mNtsHref ) } function UpdNavPane( sldIndex ){ if(gNavLoaded) PPTNav.UpdNav() } function UpdOtNavPane(){ if(gOtlNavLoaded) PPTOtlNav.UpdOtlNav() } function UpdOtlPane(){ if(gOtlLoaded) PPTOtl.UpdOtl() } function SetHasNts( fVal ) { if( gHasNts !=3D fVal ) { gHasNts=3DfVal UpdNavPane() } } function ToggleOtlText() { gOtlTxtExp=3D!gOtlTxtExp UpdOtlPane() } function ClearMedia() { // Clear any sounds playing before launching another browser window. Other= wise, // in fullscreen mode, you'll continue to hear the sound in the frames mod= e. if (PPTSld.pptSound) PPTSld.pptSound.loop =3D 0; } function FullScreen() {=20 if ( PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) PPTSld.document.body.pause(); ClearMedia(); var href =3D ( document.location.protocol =3D=3D 'mhtml:') ? FULLSCR_HREF = : FULLSCR_HREF+"#"+GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mSldHref; if (MHTMLPrefix !=3D "") href =3D RemoveFilePrefixFromHref(href) if(PPTNav.event.ctrlKey) { var w =3D (window.screen.availWidth * 1.0) / 2.0 var h =3D w * (PPTSld.g_origH * 1.0) / PPTSld.g_origW win =3D window.open( MHTMLPrefix+href,null,"toolbar=3D0,resizable=3D1,top= =3D0,left=3D0," + "width=3D"+ w + ",height=3D" + h ); if( win.document.body && PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) win.document.body.PPTSldFrameset=3Dwindow; } else { win =3D window.open( MHTMLPrefix+href,null,"fullscreen=3Dyes" ); if( win.document.body && PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) win.document.body.PPTSldFrameset=3Dwindow; } } function ToggleVNarration() { rObj=3DPPTSld.document.all("NSPlay") if( rObj && !PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) { if( (rObj.playState =3D=3D 1)||(rObj.playState =3D=3D 0) ) rObj.Play() else if( rObj.playState =3D=3D 2 ) rObj.Pause() else return; } else if( PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) { narObj =3D PPTSld.document.all("narrationID") if( narObj ) narObj.togglePause() } } function GetCurSldNum() { =20 obj=3DGetHrefObj(gCurSld) if( obj.mOrigVis =3D=3D 1 ) return obj.mSldIdx else =20 return gCurSld } function GetNumSlds() { =20 if( GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mOrigVis =3D=3D 1 ) return GetSldList().mNumVisSlds; else return GetSldList().mList.length } function GetSldNum( href ) { for(ii=3D0; ii 1 ) PopSldList(); else if( !IsFramesMode() ) { if( gLoopCont ) GoToFirst() else EndShow() } } function GoToPrevSld() { ii=3DgCurSld-1 if( ii > 0 ) { obj=3DGetHrefObj(ii) while ( obj && ( obj.mVis =3D=3D 0 ) && ( ii>0 ) ) obj=3DGetHrefObj(--ii) if( ii =3D=3D 0 ) ii=3D1 GoToSldNum(ii) } } function GoToFirst(){ GoToSld( GetHrefObj(1).mSldHref ) } function GoToLast() { ii=3DGetSldList().mList.length if( ii !=3D gCurSld ) GoToSld( GetHrefObj(ii).mSldHref ) } function GoToSldNum( num ) { if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue obj =3D GetHrefObj( num ) obj.mVis=3D1 gPrevSld=3DgCurSld gCurSld =3D num; =09 if (MHTMLPrefix !=3D "") PPTSld.location.replace(MHTMLPrefix+RemoveFilePrefixFromHref(obj.mSldHref= )) else PPTSld.location.replace(obj.mSldHref) =09 if( IsFramesMode() ) { UpdNavPane(); UpdOtlPane(); UpdNtsPane() } } function GoToSld( href ) { if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue GetHrefObj( GetSldNum(href) ).mVis=3D1 if (MHTMLPrefix !=3D "") PPTSld.location.replace(MHTMLPrefix+RemoveFilePrefixFromHref(href)) else PPTSld.location.replace(href) } function SldUpdated( id ) { if( id =3D=3D GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mSldHref ) return gPrevSld=3DgCurSld gCurSld=3DGetSldNum(id) if( IsFramesMode() ) { UpdNavPane(); UpdOtlPane(); UpdNtsPane() } } function PrevSldViewed(){ GoToSld( GetHrefObj(gPrevSld).mSldHref ) } function HasPrevSld() { return ( gIsEndShow || ( gCurSld !=3D 1 && GetHrefO= bj( gCurSld-1 ).mVis =3D=3D 1 )||( GetCurSldNum() > 1 ) ) } function HasNextSld() { return (GetCurSldNum() !=3D GetNumSlds()) } function CloseWindow() { if( HideMenu() ) return; =09 var event =3D PPTSld.event; if( !IsFramesMode() && event && (event.keyCode=3D=3D27 || event.keyCode=3D= =3D32 || event.type=3D=3D"click" ) ) window.close( self ); CatchNumKeys( self, event ); } function Unload() { gIsEndShow=3D0; } function SetupEndShow() { gIsEndShow=3D1; PPTSld.document.body.scroll=3D"no"; PPTSld.document.onkeypress=3DCloseWindow; PPTSld.document.onclick=3DCloseWindow; PPTSld.document.oncontextmenu=3D_CM; } function EndShow() { if( IsFramesMode() ) return if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue doc=3DPPTSld.document var dir =3D doc.body.dir if( dir !=3D "rtl" ) dir =3D "ltr"; doc.open() doc.writeln('


' + ENDSHOW_MESG + '

') doc.close() } function SetSldVisited(){ GetSldList().mList[gCurSld-1].mVisited=3Dtrue } function IsSldVisited(){ return GetSldList().mList[gCurSld-1].mVisited } function hrefList( sldHref, visible, advDelay, advClk ) { this.mSldHref=3D this.mNtsHref =3D sldHref this.mOrigVis=3D this.mVis =3D visible this.mVisited=3D false this.mAdvDelay=3D advDelay this.mAdvOnClk=3D advClk } function SldList(arr,curSld,fEnd) { this.mCurSld =3D curSld; this.mList =3D new Array(); var idx =3D 1; for(ii=3D0;ii 0) { PushSldList(sldList,fEnd); gCurSld =3D 1; } else if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue } function PushSldList(arr,fEnd) { var ii =3D gSldStack.length; gSldStack[ii] =3D new SldList(arr,gCurSld,fEnd); GoToSld( gSldStack[ii].mList[0].mSldHref ); } function PopSldList() { if (gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1].fEndShow) EndShow() else { gCurSld =3D gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1].mCurSld; gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1] =3D null; gSldStack.length--; var sldList =3D gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1]; GoToSld( sldList.mList[gCurSld - 1].mSldHref ); } } var custShowList=3Dnew Array(); /********************************************* Navigation button implementation There are 2 types of buttons: ImgBtn, TxtBtn implemented as function objects. They share a similiar interface so the event handlers can call SetActive, for example, on a button=20 object without needing to know exactly=20 what type of button it is. **********************************************/ //---------------------------------- function ImgBtn( oId,bId,w,action ) //---------------------------------- { var t=3Dthis t.Perform =3D _IBP t.SetActive =3D _IBSetA t.SetInactive=3D _IBSetI t.SetPressed =3D _IBSetP t.SetDisabled=3D _IBSetD t.Enabled =3D _IBSetE t.ChangeIcon =3D null t.UserAction =3D action t.ChgState =3D _IBUI t.mObjId =3D oId t.mBorderId=3D bId t.mWidth =3D w t.mIsOn =3D t.mCurState =3D 0 } function _IBSetA() { if( this.mIsOn ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,2 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0 } } function _IBSetI() { if( this.mIsOn ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,1 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0=20 } } function _IBSetP() { if( this.mIsOn ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,2 ) obj.style.posLeft+=3D1; obj.style.posTop+=3D1 } } function _IBSetD() { =20 obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0=20 } function _IBSetE( state ) { var t=3Dthis GetObj( t.mBorderId ).style.visibility=3D"visible" if( state !=3D t.mIsOn ) { t.mIsOn=3Dstate if( state ) t.SetInactive() else t.SetDisabled() } } function _IBP() { var t=3Dthis if( t.mIsOn ) { if( t.UserAction !=3D null ) t.UserAction() if( t.ChangeIcon ) { obj=3DGetObj(t.mObjId) if( t.ChangeIcon() ) obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-4)*t.mWidth else obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-0)*t.mWidth } t.SetActive() } =20 } function _IBUI( clr1,clr2,nextState ) { var t=3Dthis SetBorder( GetObj( t.mBorderId ),clr1,clr2 ) obj=3DGetObj( t.mObjId ) obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-nextState)*t.mWidth-obj= .style.posTop t.mCurState=3DnextState return obj } //----------------------------------------- function TxtBtn( oId,oeId,action,chkState ) //----------------------------------------- { var t=3Dthis t.Perform =3D _TBP t.SetActive =3D _TBSetA t.SetInactive=3D _TBSetI t.SetPressed =3D _TBSetP t.SetDisabled=3D _TBSetD t.SetEnabled =3D _TBSetE t.GetState =3D chkState t.UserAction =3D action t.ChgState =3D _TBUI t.mObjId =3D oId t.m_elementsId=3D oeId t.mIsOn =3D 1 } function _TBSetA() { var t=3Dthis if( t.mIsOn && !t.GetState() ) t.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,0,0 ) } function _TBSetI() { var t=3Dthis if( t.mIsOn && !t.GetState() ) t.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 ) } function _TBSetP() { if( this.mIsOn ) this.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,1,1 ) } function _TBSetD() { =20 this.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 ) this.mIsOn =3D 0 } function _TBSetE() { var t=3Dthis if( !t.GetState() ) t.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 ) else t.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,1,1 ) t.mIsOn =3D 1 } function _TBP() { var t=3Dthis if( t.mIsOn ) {=20 if( t.UserAction !=3D null ) t.UserAction() if( !t.G
1) Date:  Working from the time of Gallio&#= 8217;s appointment to the proconsular office at Corinth, it is possible to calcul= ate that Paul’s departure from Corinth on his third missionary journey <= i>en route for Jerusalem took place either in AD 57 or 58.
2) Occasion: 
a.Paul had been intending to visit the church but had been prevented (Rom 15.20).  His purpose was to p= reach the gospel among them and to impart some spiritual gift (Rom 1:11,15) = ;
= b.He had just completed his collection for the poverty-stricken believers at Jerusalem (15:22ff), after having preached the gospel throughout the distr= ict from Jerusalem to Illyricum.  He is determined to get to Jerusalem.  This seems to identify the occasion with Acts 20:1ff, and date the Epistle in the year after Paul left Ephesus on the third missionary journey.  It may there be confidently concluded that Paul was in Greece at the time of writing. =
c.This is confirmed by the commendation of Pheobe (16:1,2) who belonged to the ch= urch at Cenchreae, the port of Corinth; the greeting of Gaius (16:23), PaulR= 17;s host at the time, who may possibly be identified with the Corinthian whom = Paul mentions in 1 Cor. 1:14; the greeting of Erastus, who held the important p= ost of city treasurer (16:23) and who may possibly be identified with the man = of the same name (who was left at Corinth) as mentioned in 2 Timothy 4:20.  Also, the mention of Timothy and = Sopater who sent greetings, since these were Paul’s companions when he left Greece on his last journey to Jerusalem.
d.Paul’s future missionary plans are directed towards work in Spain (15:24, 28) and= he hopes to gain the favor and support of the Roman Christians for this effort. = ;
1)